3-Chloromethcathinone (
3-CMC, Clophedrone) is a synthetic cathinone that first appeared in Europe in 2014 and has since been seized in 25 countries.The compound is not naturally occurring and is only synthesized chemically.Structurally it is very close to the designer drugs 3-MMC and 4-CMC.3 CMC
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Legal status and distributionrnIn most European countries - including Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and Sweden - 3-CMC is now subject to narcotics or new psychoactive substances regulations.The yearly increasing seizures (main source: India) show a growing supply on the black market.
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Consumption and subjective effectsrnConsumers report stimulating, euphoric and sociality-enhancing effects, which are said to be shorter and weaker than with 3-MMC.Common forms of administration are oral ingestion or nasal insufflation.The acute duration of action is stated to be 1-4 hours, after-effects (e.g. insomnia) can last 3-12 hours.
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Adverse effects and toxicologyrnSystematic safety data are missing;However, clinical observations and analog cathinones suggest tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, anxiety, dry mouth and psychotic episodes.According to EMCDDA, ten deaths (PL: 7, SE: 3) related to 3-CMC were reported between November 2019 and June 2021;in most cases, other substances were involved.
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ChemistryrnIUPAC name: 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)propan-1-one.rnThe molecule has a chiral center;commercially available products are almost always racemic.Other positional isomers are 2-CMC and 4-CMC.
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SynthesisrnThe starting material is
3-chloropropiophenone, which is α-brominated and then nucleophilically substituted with methylaminewill.The resulting racemate is usually isolated as a hydrochloride salt.
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PharmacologyrnIn vitro studies on rat brain synaptosomes (EC₅₀/IC₅₀ in nM):
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Dopamine transporter (DAT): 26 /342
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Norepinephrine transporter (NET): 19 / 290
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Serotonin transporter (SERT): 211 / 1 194
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3-CMC acts both asMonoamine reuptake inhibitors as well as substrate releasers, with the ratios being shifted in favor of dopamine and norepinephrine (lower SERT affinity compared to mephedrone).In animal studies (rat, monkey) it produces cocaine-like stimulus properties and hyperlocomotion;the reinforcing effect appears to be weaker than with methcathinone, probably due to the higher serotonergic content, which attenuates the dopaminergic effect.
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MetabolismrnHuman data are almost completely lacking.Like other cathinones, 3-CMC is most likely to undergo hepatic oxidation, reduction and conjugation.Postulated phase I metabolites are dihydro-3-CMC, N-desmethyl-3-CMC and N-desmethyl-dihydro-3-CMC.3 CMC